Featured Article
Mechanisms & Clinical Use
Important: Ambien carries risks of complex sleep behaviors and next-day impairment. This article examines its GABA-A receptor subtype selectivity.
This in-depth analysis explores zolpidem's unique binding profile at GABA-A receptors containing α1 subunits, its pharmacokinetic properties, and how these factors contribute to both its therapeutic effects and potential adverse reactions. We examine recent research on dose-dependent effects and individual variability in drug response.
PhD Researcher
Recent Publications
Head-to-head comparison of zolpidem, zaleplon, and eszopiclone examining onset of action, duration of effect, and adverse event profiles based on clinical trial data.
PhD Researcher
Analysis of how high-fat meals impact zolpidem's Tmax and bioavailability, with clinical implications for dosing recommendations.
Key Finding: High-fat meals can delay Tmax by 1-2 hours and reduce Cmax by 15-20%.
PhD Researcher
Case review and mechanistic explanation of sleep-driving, sleep-eating, and other parasomnias associated with zolpidem use.
PhD Researcher
Special considerations for zolpidem use in older adults including altered pharmacokinetics, increased sensitivity, and Beers Criteria recommendations.
PhD Researcher
Examination of clinically significant interactions between zolpidem and medications like ketoconazole, clarithromycin, and grapefruit juice.
PhD Researcher
Critical appraisal of Intermezzo (zolpidem tartrate sublingual tablet) clinical trial data and appropriate use criteria.
PhD Researcher
Research Topics
Ambien Quick Facts
Essential pharmacological data for healthcare professionals
Classification
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic (Z-drug), GABA-A receptor agonist (α1 subunit selective)
Half-life
2.5-2.8 hours (normal release), 1.6-4 hours (extended release)
Metabolism
Primarily hepatic via CYP3A4 (61%), CYP2C9 (22%), CYP1A2 (14%), CYP2D6 (3%)
Elimination
56% urine, 34% feces (as metabolites)
Onset of Action
30 minutes (fasting), delayed with food
Duration
6-8 hours (therapeutic effect)
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Research Spotlight
Recent findings from my pharmacological research on zolpidem metabolism:
Key Pharmacokinetic Parameters:
| Parameter | Value | Implications |
|---|---|---|
| Cmax | 29-113 ng/mL (5-10mg dose) | Dose-dependent increase |
| Tmax | 1.6-2.2 hours | Take on empty stomach |
| AUC | 393-1,256 ng·h/mL | Non-linear kinetics at higher doses |
These findings highlight the importance of considering individual variability in zolpidem metabolism when prescribing, particularly in patients taking CYP3A4 inhibitors or with hepatic impairment. Future research will explore pharmacogenomic factors influencing response.